Foley and her colleagues (1999) proposed that the research on self-reference may actually underestimate the magnitude of the self-reference effect. They reached this conclusion because
a. participants typically process items at a shallow level of processing, even when they are instructed to use deep processing.
b. the meta-analysis of the data on the self-reference effect demonstrates that this technique is not especially helpful.
c. participants cannot really relate items to their own lives.
d. the participants reported that they had often used self-reference processing, even when they had received other instructions.
Ans: d
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