Which item is a secondary reinforcer?

Which of the following has NOT been offered as an explanation for infantile amnesia?

A) Infants' original early memories are encoded as physical actions, and these action memories are highly resistant to reconstruction efforts later in life. B) Infants have not yet developed a stable sense of self and therefore information in their early memories is likely to be disorganized and difficult to retrieve in later life. C) The manner in which infants encode memories may not match the manner in which they are asked to retrieve the memories when they are older. D) The degree of frontal lobe development in infancy may make it possible for infants to remember actions, but not be able to describe these memories using words in later life.

As a typical American teen, Ralph is most likely to describe his first sex partner as a. his love

b. a casual date. c. a stranger. d. his steady girlfriend.