Which of the following is the primary parameter used to alter the breath size in pressure con-trolled?
a. Positive inspiratory pressure (PIP)—positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
b. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
c. Tidal volume
d. Flow
ANS: A
Because tidal volume is not directly controlled, the pressure gradient (PIP − PEEP) is the primary parameter used to alter the breath size and hence carbon dioxide tensions.
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Which of the following is/are the minimum performing characteristics of most noninvasive venti-lators?
1. Mandatory rate of 50 breaths/min or less 2. Inspiratory pressure of 30 cm H2O or less 3. PEEP of 15 cm H2O or less 4. Inspiratory flow of 180 L/min or less at 20 cm H2O a. 1 only b. 1, 2, and 3 only c. 1, 2, 3, and 4 d. 2, 3, and 4 only