There is frequently a trade-off between increasing either internal validity or external validity in an experiment. Which of the following may weaken internal validity while strengthening external validity?
a. conducting the experiment in the students' high school rather than a university
laboratory
b. testing all participants at 10:00 a.m.
c. using a standardized set of instructions that are given by a tape recording
d. testing all participants in the same room
A
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Which statement explains why elected officials in the United States are less likely to be able to enact the agenda of their party than elected officials in Europe?
a. U.S. parties are more ideological than European parties. b. U.S. parties must satisfy a broader range of interests than European parties. c. The United States has a written constitution that specifies what parties can and cannot do. d. The U.S. system is characterized by checks and balances that put obstacles in the way of legislation.
What is collective representation?
a. votes that a representative takes based on a consensus of his or her constituents b. positions that representatives take on the basis of their party caucuses c. the concept of the Congress representing the collective constituency of the whole country d. positions that the constituents of several representatives hold in common