Suppose that the chain-weighted index for GDP in Panama was 180 in 2015 and 188 in 2016. The inflation rate between those two years was approximately

Consider the following methods of pollution reduction:

a. the government sets a target for maximum emissions b. the government mandates the installation of specific pollution abatement equipment c. the government imposes a per unit tax on the good that creates pollution d. the government gives firms a tax rebate for every unit of pollution abated Which of the above is an example of a command-and-control approach to reducing pollution? A) a only B) b only C) a and b only D) a, b, and d only E) a, b, c, and d

The government requires the steel industry to adopt new eco-friendly machines, which cannot be used in other industries. If the machines are very expensive and the capital market does not work efficiently, then

A) entrants are encouraged to enter the market and adopt the new machines. B) firms can easily leave the steel industry without loss. C) entrants are discouraged by the new requirements. D) None of the above.