Describe the "child effect" critique of Bowlby's attachment theory pointing to the limitations of the theory
What will be an ideal response?
Answer:
- The "child effect" claims that Bowlby's attachment theory overstates the mother's influence and understates the child's influence on quality of attachment. First, it fails to recognize that children are born with different temperaments. Second, in attachment theory the direction of influence is one way from parents to children, while recent research indicates that influence is reciprocal or bidirectional between parent and child.
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In the middle ages, people accused of being witches were often tested by being dunked in a river or pond. If they floated to the surface they were condemned as witches. If they sank and drowned they were posthumously acquitted
This test obviously lacks __________ a) reliability. b) norms. c) validity. d) bias.
In terms of assessing formal operational thought, researchers have created dilemmas or social
problems that are highly relevant (Example, What should you do if you were not invited to a party?), or not relevant (Example, How best do you avoid a tax audit?). When working with children and adolescents, what is one common finding from such research? A) Younger adolescents (e.g., 6th graders) frequently show limited formal operational thought in both domains, whereas the older adolescents (e.g., 12th graders) display formal thinking primarily in the relevant task. B) Younger and older adolescents show formal operational thought in the relevant task, but not in the non-relevant task. C) Younger adolescents display formal operational thought in the relevant task; older adolescents display such thought across both tasks. D) Even the youngest adolescents show formal operational thought across both tasks.