What strategy increases the reliability of observational data by using explicit rules that standardize coding practices across observers?

In order to overcome the free-rider problem, many interest groups offer tangible benefits. What are tangible benefits?

a. the policies that interest groups help to bring about b. gifts given to members of Congress in return for their support on legislation c. benefits given only to group members d. campaign contributions to elected officials

__________ is the number of citizens who actually vote in an election divided by the total number of citizens who are legally qualified to vote in that election

a. Rally ‘round the flag b. Electoral participation c. Voter turnout d. Mobilization –