Discuss the work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky that identified influences that can impair the accuracy of evaluations and testimony presented by forensic clinicians.

What will be an ideal response?

Answers may vary.There are other kinds of bias that apply to human decision-making more broadly. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky identified a number of factors that affect how people make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, when there are no clear and objectively "right" answers. These influences can impair the impartiality and accuracy of evaluations and testimony presented by forensic clinicians, particularly in the context of an adversarial system. Such influences have been discussed as they apply to forensic assessment and testimony, identifying six that are particularly relevant:• Representativeness-overemphasizing evidence that resembles a typical representation of a prototype (e.g., making attributions about an individual's motivation because that individual resembles a "drug addict" in many ways);• Base rate neglect-judging the likelihood of an outcome without considering information about the actual probability of this outcome, as conveyed by base rates (e.g., predicting a serious act of violence by someone who shows predictors consistent with a group that rarely behaves this way);• Availability-overemphasizing the probability of occurrence when similar instances are easy to recall (e.g., from a recent, highly publicized case);• Confirmation bias-selectively gathering and interpreting evidence that confirms a hypothesis while ignoring evidence that might disconfirm it (e.g., as a result of using early impressions in an evaluation to shape the gathering of additional evidence);• WYSIATI (what you see is all there is)-organizing activated information to derive the most coherent "story" while leaving out nonactivated information (e.g., by focusing on information that has been "activated," perhaps via confirmation bias, and consequently constructing an account that is excessively consistent because it excludes contradictory information); and• Anchoring-information encountered first is the most influential.