The valence of an effect refers to whether it is:

a. weak or powerful in nature
b. in a positive or negative direction
c. influential at the individual or societal level
d. none of the above

b. in a positive or negative direction

Communication & Mass Media

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The press agentry model of PR dominated the industry during the Gilded Age

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Communication & Mass Media

In the communication process, speakers and writers are generally seen as ____

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s)

Communication & Mass Media