Dunlosky and Ariel (2011) were concerned about habitual learning, in which people follow simple rules that are not necessarily predictive of performance. They found that participants will often study the ______ item first rather than the easiest item not yet learned simply because their participants read from left to right.

On your birthday, you arrive home and are overjoyed to find a large bouquet of flowers from your best friend. Your eyes grow wide and a broad smile crosses your face. You laugh in delight. This example best illustrates the use of nonverbal behavior to

a. convey attitudes. b. communicate one's personality traits. c. facilitate verbal communication. d. express emotions.

Mood-congruent memory is __________

a. better memory retrieval when one is in a positive mood b. better memory retrieval when one is in a negative mood c. improved access to information in long-term memory that is consistent with one's current mood d. finding it easier to remember things when your moods at encoding and retrieval are the same