A __________ results after fissures develop in each party's coalition, which begins to fracture after new issues appear, dividing the electorate. Each party forms a new coalition-one that endures for years.

In 2002, when President George W. Bush dismissed both his secretary of the treasury and director of the National Economic Council, the president acted in the role of

a. chief legislator. b. commander in chief of the military. c. chief of state. d. party leader. e. chief administrator.

A new form of federalism, foreshadowed by civil rights laws passed in the 1960s, in which the national government directs policies that the states must adopt, has been called

a. cooperative federalism. b. dual federalism. c. state federalism. d. coercive federalism. e. national federalism.