Ahmed used to love taking long walks around the lake near his home. Recently, the world seemed to be spinning around him on his walks—so now Ahmed sits in a chair and enjoys the scenery. Which of the following caused Ahmed to give up his lakeside walks?

The Western value of independence is clearly exhibited in

Freud's oral stage. Piaget's sensorimotor stage. Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. epigenetic theory.

Which of the following is an advantage of using non-human subjects in psychology research?

A) Research on non-humans does not have to be reviewed by ethics committees. B) Many lab animals have relatively short life spans, so several generations can be observed. C) Researchers do not have to justify risk and discomfort by the potential scientific value of the research. D) There are no advantages of animal research over human research.