Based upon the equation of exchange, which of the following (ceteris paribus) is most likely to bring about inflation?

In the last 40 years, merger policy has become a major way for antitrust authorities to regulate market structure

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

If the Fed raises the discount rate, it:

a. forces commercial banks to call in existing loans. b. changes excess reserves into required reserves. c. changes required reserves into excess reserves. d. none of the above