Primordialism refers to

a. the idea that identity divisions are the product of elite efforts to define individuals as falling into different identity groups and to make such divisions politically relevant.
b. an apocalyptic religious movement that began to be repressed after it demonstrated and demanded official government recognition.
c. the idea that identity divisions are based on deep-rooted features (blood ties, physical appearance, etc.) that have naturally divided people throughout history.
d. the sense of belonging to a large collective sharing a common history and culture, and believed to share a common descent.
e. situations in which group identity boundaries coincide with one another.

C