Rita is an elementary school guidance counselor. Her principal and faculty, and many parents, want to see students graduate from their school with better skills for managing their feelings, understanding others' feelings, handling conflicts, and avoiding violence. Based on the ecological framework in Chapter 8, which approach below is most directly related to helping the school attain these aims?

a. an alternative school
b. programs that promote social-emotional competencies
c. improved crisis intervention by the guidance office
d. clinical treatment for more children who need it

b