Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior?

Mental health professionals holding the psychodynamic perspective view mental disorders

to be the result of a. intrapsychic conflict. b. malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system. c. learned maladaptive behavior patterns. d. oversensitivity to the demands and criticisms of others. e. one of four body humors or a combination thereof.

In Zen, there is no substitute for

A) dualisitic thinking. B) direct experience. C) the present moment. D) intellectual understanding.