In some cases, specialization allows larger factories to produce goods at a lower average cost than smaller factories

What are options for monetary easing using interest rate policy instruments when the rate has hit the zero lower bound?

a. At that point, interest rate policy cannot be used. b. Monetary easing can still occur whenever interest rates are greater than zero at the retail level. c. The central bank can increase the money supply, and interest rates can be less than zero. d. Borrowing can be stimulated in ways other than lower rates of interest.

A monopolist would not be able to make a positive profit at any price output combination when

A) marginal cost is less than average total cost for one more unit of output. B) the average variable cost curve is everywhere above the marginal revenue curve. C) the minimum point of the average total cost curve lies to the right of the minimum of the average variable cost curve. D) the average total cost curve is everywhere above the demand curve.