According to the information-processing approach, ___________ are conscious, intentionally used tactics to improve cognitive processing

Jason's uncle claimed to have seen a black panther in the trees beside the highway although no one else saw it. Knowing that his uncle has been looking for a black panther for years, Jason attributes his uncle's "sighting" to

a. perceptual set. b. perceptual defense. c. bottom-up processing. d. cognitive convergence.

Ethan watches television frequently, but spends little time on his homework. In an effort to change this, Ethan now is allowed to watch television only after completing his homework. This is an example of

a. the Premack principle. b. negative reinforcement. c. reinforcer sampling. d. behavioral bribery.