Describe when ascending ramp and sine waveforms are used.
What will be an ideal response?
The ascending ramp and sine (also called sinusoidal) waveforms are seldom used or available for PPV because the initial flow rate is not sufficient to accommodate synchronized assisted ventilation for most patients. The fast rise to peak flow offered by the CFW and DRFW patterns has proven to be superior in meeting patient flow demands in clinic and research. The use of the sine or ascending ramp flow waveforms may be appropriate for controlled ventilation where patient effort, flow or volume of gas being demanded is not an issue
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A) bronchoconstriction B) increased mucus production C) airway hyperreactivityD) hypertension