For purposes of monetary policy, the Federal Reserve has targeted the interest rate known as the

Assume that the growth rate of real GDP in Astoria is 7.5%. Assume the growth rate of velocity is 0%

If Astoria's current annual inflation rate of 5.99%, the growth rate of the money supply will be A) -1.51%. B) 1.51%. C) 5.99%. D) 13.49%.

Changes in the short-run total costs result from changes in only

A) variable costs. B) fixed costs. C) zero. D) total fixed costs.