P + q = 1

Professor Bowden is in the middle of her lecture on marital

satisfaction when a student in the back interrupts her and says, "Dr. Phil doesn't agree with that theory!" Soon other students chime in to add fuel to the discussion. Professor Bowden just smiles and asks the original student to produce the research that Dr. Phil carried out to justify his statements. What lesson is Professor Bowden trying to teach? A) Information from the media is always inaccurate. B) One should never question a well-established theory. C) Always check the source of your information before you believe it. D) Secondary sources are just as reliable as primary sources.

After the amazing case of Clever Hans was given a thorough investigation, a psychologist determined that there was a very simple explanation why this horse was able to demonstrate such amazing cognitive abilities. What was this conclusion?

a. Clever Hans had a genetic abnormality that had actually given him cognitive abilities never before seen in a stallion. b. Clever Hans was not actually answering the questions he was being asked, but was responding to subtle unconscious gestures made by his owner. c. Clever Hans had learned to answer questions as a result of rigorous training and tutoring, and was, in fact, answering the questions he was asked correctly. d. Clever Hans was really a myth that people had come to believe even though nobody had ever seen him. This demonstrated the power of "word of mouth" when it comes to incredible stories.