__________ focuses on how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental challenges over time

Studies carried out by Silvan Tompkins on the emotional responses of human infants indicated that infants

a. who are presented with identical stimuli will show completely unique responses. b. will quickly learn to use emotions as a way of getting reinforcers. c. seem "prewired" to respond emotionally to certain stimuli. d. ignore intense stimuli unless they have learned to be fearful.

On Christmas morning, three-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater

Disappointed that it is not a toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. Billy is demonstrating __________. a) centration b) egocentric thought c) conservation d) intuitive thought