Provide at least three strategies each for effectively working with patients who have the following special needs (twelve strategies in all)

a. Disoriented due to medication
b. Hearing impaired
c. Visually impaired
d. Angry

a. Identify yourself, say patient's name, maintain eye contact, speak slowly, speak clearly, use simple language, keep messages short, give the patient adequate time to respond, use touch if this is okay with the patient, when possible communicate when the patient is in the least amount of pain, repeat the message as needed, check for understanding, give information in writing for review later
b. Position yourself close to patient, position yourself face to face, reduce the noise level, have the light source on your face, make sure your mouth is visible to patient, speak clearly, do not shout, maintain a low to moderate pitch, use short sentences, watch for comprehension, do not change the subject without warning
c. Announce your presence, identify yourself, describe equipment, describe the positions of equipment, explain noises, explain procedures and what will be done, give clear and complete directions, tell the patient when you are leaving the area, tell the patient about physical barriers he or she may encounter, give extra verbal information for what is usually communicated through body language
d. Do not express anger, do not argue, stay calm, be courteous, listen attentively, offer an apology if appropriate, do not raise your voice, look at the patient, express concern and interest, answer questions, resolve the problem or take it to someone who can, ask for help if necessary