Our assumptions are valid and reliable as we use them to identify causal relations between different social phenomena

In order to prevent blacks from having meaningful opportunities to select officeholders

a. the Democratic Party in the South prohibited blacks from participating in primary elections. b. southern states refused to open polling places during daylight hours. c. southern states outlawed the Democratic Party. d. local governments eliminated elections and appointed officeholders instead. e. white citizens boycotted most elections.

Which of the following types of crimes has been on the rise?

A. cybercrime B. car theft C. murder D. burglary