A manager who believes that most employees are unmotivated, lazy, and uncooperative would be considered which of the following?

_____ are directives issued solely by the President, without requiring congressional approval.

A. Constitutional amendments B. Judicial reviews C. Charters D. Executive orders E. Statutes

The before-tax cost of debt for a firm, which has a marginal tax rate of 40 percent, is 12 percent. The after-tax cost of debt is ________

A) 4.8 percent B) 6.0 percent C) 7.2 percent D) 12 percent