A study falsely concluded that eating ice cream causes drowning because both increase during the summer months. In fact, the warmer weather leads people to go swimming more often, leading to more deaths due to drowning, and more people eat ice cream as the temperature rises. The correct explanation is called

In a famous dissenting opinion in 1896, Justice _________ asserted that "our Constitution is color blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens."

a. John Marshall b. John M. Harlan (the elder) c. Thurgood Marshall d. John M. Harlan (the younger).

In which of the following might Political Action Committees (PACs) invest their contributions in order to maximize their political influence?

a. members of the minority party in Congress. b. challengers c. incumbents d. presidential candidates