In the context of an experiment, the variable that is manipulated is termed the _____ variable.

Which of the following is an example of guided participation?

A boy helps his younger brother build a sand castle on the beach. A father reads from an instruction manual while his daughter assembles her bicycle. A teacher lectures about global warming. A mother bakes cupcakes for her daughter's school party.

A 5-year-old child draws a yellow sun in the upper corner of her paper complete with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of _________________________

a. sensorimotor thought b. animism c. gross motor skill refinement d. centered thinking