In order to understand the phenomenon of prejudice among churchgoers, Allport suggested the

Two groups of grade-school children were randomly selected, and for one group, their teachers were told that they were "intellectual bloomers." At the end of several months, the "intellectual bloomers" scored higher on an IQ test

What did researchers conclude from this study? a) Teacher expectations can cause students to be perceived differently, and they respond in accordance with those expectations. b) Even though groups were randomly selected, there must have been a difference in IQ between the groups before the intervention. c) Teacher expectations don't make a difference in student performance. d) Some unknown third variable must explain the results.

In contrast to how scientists working in earlier decades have conceptualized the neonatal period, scientists today understand that:

a. how the infant "attaches" to its primary caregiver is of limited significance b. there is much more stress involved in the birth process than previously thought c. newborns are much more capable than had previously been thought d. newborn behaviors are controlled to a much greater degree by genetics than was previously thought