Transaction-based logging reduces the risk of data loss by using ________ transactions, which perform a group of operations in their entirety, or not at all.

The for all together statement is designed specifically for processing each of the items in an array.

Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)

Consider the following interleaving of transactions T and U:

The outcome of optimistic concurrency control with backward validation is that T will be aborted because its read operation conflicts with U's write operation on ai, although the interleavings are serially equivalent. Suggest a modification to the algorithm that deals with such cases.