Assuming an after-tax cost of preferred stock of 12% and a corporate tax rate of 40%, a firm must earn at least $20 before tax on every $100 invested

Marketing Research, as defined by the author, is everything except ________

A) systematic B) politically biased C) objective D) useful for the purpose of improving decision-making

________ occurs when consumers assume a large part of the promotional function

A) Consumer activism B) Public relations C) Integrated marketing communication D) Consumer-generated marketing E) Brand management