In the Middle Ages, people accused of being witches were often tested by being dunked in a river or pond. If they floated to the surface, they were condemned as witches. If they sank and drowned, they were posthumously acquitted. This test obviously lacks
A) reliability.
B) norms.
C) validity.
D) bias.
Answer: C
Rationale: Validity is the degree to which a test actually measures the trait or ability it is intended to measure. Because there is no real relationship between floating and witchcraft, this test clearly lacks validity. This does not necessarily imply that the test lacks reliability. For example, a person may float every time they are tested, suggesting some degree of reliability.
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a) anorexia. b) anhedonia. c) aphasia. d) alexithymia.
According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the ______
a. persona c. personal unconscious b. alter-ego d. collective unconscious