According to critics, the Utah Pie case represents a failure by the Supreme Court to distinguish between injury to competition that benefits consumers and injury to a specific competitor

When do Federal Reserve notes become part of the money supply (M1)? When they are

A) deposited in the vaults of commercial banks. B) printed by the Bureau of Engraving. C) received by the Federal Reserve Banks. D) spent by the public on newly-produced goods. E) withdrawn from commercial banks by the public.

An increase in the real interest rate does which of the following?

A) increases the demand for loanable funds B) reduces saving C) reduces consumption spending D) reduces the demand for loanable funds