The money in circulation today in the U.S. economy is fiat money

Refer to Figure 3-8. The graph in this figure illustrates an initial competitive equilibrium in the market for apples at the intersection of D2 and S2 (point E). Which of the following changes would cause the equilibrium to change to point A?

A) a positive change in the technology used to produce apples and decrease in the price of oranges, a substitute for apples B) an increase in the wages of apple workers and a decrease in the price of oranges, a substitute for apples C) an increase in the number of apple producers and a decrease in the number of apple trees as a result of disease D) a decrease in the wages of apple workers and an increase in the price of oranges, a substitute for apples

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the interest rate effect?

A) The interest rate effect is why the aggregate demand curve is upward sloping. B) A lower price level lowers the interest rate, which causes businesses and consumers to increase their desired spending. C) A higher price level lowers the interest rate, which causes business and consumers to increase their desired spending. D) Expenditures will change as a result of a change in the real value of money balances when there is a change in the price level.