To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next, the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward
Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of ______.
a. modeling c. negative reinforcement
b. shaping d. secondary learning
B
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Therapists who argue that a change in behavior is most effectively brought about by
altering their clients' thoughts, beliefs, or perceptions are endorsing a. cognitive restructuring. b. psychodynamic therapy. c. humanistic therapy. d. systematic desensitization. e. Gestalt therapy.
What is one explanation for the dramatic rise in young people's typical ages of entering marriage and parenthood today in developing countries?
a. the difficulty in finding employment b. the increase in the number of years to complete formal education c. the difficulty in finding someone with whom to be romantic d. society does not encourage early marriage