Bronchospasm may happen after a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following can lead to this bronchospasm?

1. Localized hypoxemia
2. Localized hypercapnia
3. Localized hypocapnia
4. Release of cellular mediators from platelets
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 4
c. 1, 3
d. 1, 3, 4

D
A pulmonary embolism can result in hypocapnia and hypoxemia in the local alveoli. In addition, there is the release of cellular mediators from platelets. All of these can cause bronchospasm.