Which of these stages develops prior to new means through active experimentation?

How does classical conditioning affect our eating habits?

a) Conditioned stimuli can be so powerful that we eat when we are not hungry. b) We use food as a reward to reinforce behavior change. c) It doesn't; we have no biological predisposition toward conditioning related to food. d) It is why we like sweet things.

When a study was conducted assessing the likelihood of subjects to administer electric shocks to other human beings, it was observed that:

a. men were more likely to respond with aggression against the experimenter when they were instructed to administer shocks that they did not want to give. b. women were more likely to do what they were told by the experimenter because they did not have a good understanding of the machinery that they were asked to manipulate. c. women were more likely than men to administer what they believed to be more painful shocks. d. men were more likely than women to administer what they believed to be more painful shocks.