There is a problem anticipating and testing for all potential types of non-standard inputs that might be exploited by an attacker to subvert a program

Which of the following is needed to impose a quasi-contract?

A) A promise asking for action and the requested action having been completed B) A benefit having been conferred and objective intent that it be conferred C) A benefit having been conferred and injustice if the benefit were not paid for D) Actions implying a contract and an agreement as to the price

High dividends may increase stock values due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) higher dividends are used to signal higher expected future earnings. B) dividends are more certain than capital gains. C) higher dividends allow companies to increase their proportion of external equity financing. D) dividends are used as a tool to minimize agency costs.