Air trapping in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be reduced by which of the following?

a. Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation
b. Intermittent positive-pressure breathing
c. Positive expiratory pressure
d. Incentive spirometry

ANS: C
Positive airway pressure with positive expiratory pressure is indicated to reduce air trapping in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intrapulmonary percussive venti-lation is a bronchial hygiene therapy only. Intermittent positive-pressure breathing is a lung ex-pansion therapy that should be used only if another lung expansion therapy, such as incentive spirometry, is not appropriate.