Give a brief description of longitudinal research and a brief description of cross-sequential research. Describe the differences between these two designs, and cite one advantage that each design has over the other
What will be an ideal response
Longitudinal research is a procedure in which people of a given age are studied
repeatedly over time to measure their stability and change over time. Crosssequential
research involves examining several groups of people of different ages
repeatedly over time in order to examine age differences on a particular variable.
Longitudinal design uses a single group, whereas cross-sequential design uses
multiple groups of different ages. Advantages of longitudinal design over crosssequential
design are that it is simpler to conduct and analyze. Advantages of crosssequential
design over longitudinal design include that it can differentiate between
true changes due to age and effects due to cohort, or historical period.
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Research on school achievement suggests that
A) high-stakes testing improves educational quality in most public schools. B) most achievement tests were designed to measure the specific skills covered in the classroom. C) many students who get passing grades fail high-stakes exams because a time-limited test taps only certain skills. D) achievement test scores are a better measure of a child's true abilities than teacher-assigned grades.
What can we conclude about cross-cultural differences in attitudes toward older women?
a. Other cultures present alternative models for the way that older women can be viewed. b. Cross-cultural research shows few differences; older women are viewed as relatively powerless in all cultures. c. Older women are viewed negatively only in western societies; other societies view women's loss of power with age as a positive attribute. d. Cultures in which elderly women are viewed positively are likely to view older men negatively, suggesting that society must favor one gender over the other.