How are the stress response and immune systems related?
a. illness is a cause of stress, but not the other way around
b. the two systems are physiologically separate, but by coincidence are sometimes activated at the same time
c. they are both controlled by the same brain regions
d. increased stress levels directly impact the functioning of the immune system
Answer: D
Rationale: The immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body against infectious disease, has numerous connections with the nervous system.
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