Vertical integration often aims to
a. Prevent the retailers from defeating upstream price discrimination through arbitrage
b. Avoid paying higher taxes
c. Serve as a "signal" of the manufacturer's belief of the likely success of his product
d. All of the above
d
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Scarcity is
A) a shortage of goods and services. B) poverty and misery. C) a situation in which the resources for producing the goods and services that people desire are sufficient to satisfy people's desires. D) a situation in which the resources required to produce the goods and services that people desire are insufficient to satisfy all wants.
When government agents are sent as actors into a bank to test whether loans are more likely to be granted to whites than blacks, they are using a statistical technique called
A. regression. B. standard deviating. C. quadratification. D. auditing.