The actions that the Federal Reserve takes to manage the money supply and interest rates to pursue macroeconomic policy objectives refer to

After the U.S. government had approved the feeding of hormones to U.S. beef cattle, several western European nations restricted the import of beef from the U.S. Which of the following tools of commercial policy had been put to use in this situation?

a. Tariff b. Quota c. Health and safety standards d. Subsidy e. Government procurement

One of the benefits of the European Monetary Union is that

A. exchange-rate transaction costs and exchange-rate risks within the euro area are nearly eliminated. B. there is no reason for a crisis to hit the countries of the euro area. C. governments of the member nations are forced to maintain balanced budgets. D. governments of the member nations are free to erect trade barriers according to their needs.