Which of the following is NOT considered a cash item by banks?

During the postwar period, increased real wages for women led to an increase in the labor force participation rate for women. This implies that, for women,

a. the substitution effect of a wage increase is greater than the income effect. b. the substitution effect of a wage increase is less than the income effect. c. the substitution effect of a wage increase equals the income effect. d. wage increases do not have an income effect.

Automatic stabilizers are government programs that tend to push the federal budget toward surplus as the real GDP rises and toward deficit as the real GDP falls

a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false