In ____________ conditioning a response is emitted, and conditioning involves a contingency between the response and the consequence

Positive reinforcers:

a. weaken behaviors they follow. b. are always learned. c. strengthen behaviors they follow. d. are always unlearned.

Cooper and colleagues have argued that people who develop patterns of heavy drug use

a. do so because of parental example, which is the primary predictor. b. believe in the positive effects of using drugs. c. have dopamine-deficient brains. d. do so in order to avoid perceived negative aspects of their lives. e. do so in order to moderate positive and negative emotions.