When a researcher standardizes the observational methods, the researcher is adding

Area church leaders are active participants in community politics and decision making

Indicate whether this statement is true or false.

"Regression artifact" refers to the mathematical fact that

a. people who score above average on pretests tend to have lower scores on posttests, and those who score below average on pretests tend to increase their scores on posttests. b. any participant's score on a pretest can be expected to be lower on a posttest, because of the "law of averages." c. participants who have extreme scores, high or low, on a pretest tend to have posttest scores that are even more extreme. d. posttests are often unnecessary, since they tend to give, on average, the same results as those obtained on pretests.