To arrange risk factors for substance-related disorders into a general model of addiction, many theorists and researchers adopt a

__________________ is a process of purposely holding oneself back in order to have a ready-made excuse for failure other than lack of skill or ability

a. Personal sabotage b. Failure avoidance c. Self-handicapping d. Self-protection

Morgan has become self-reflective about her thoughts and can now think in terms of abstract principles, such as "democracy" and "honor," as well as making projections regarding the future. Morgan is most likely in which cognitive stage?

a. formal operational b. concrete operational c. preoperational d. preconventional