According to Piaget, formal operational thinking differs from the thinking of previous stages in that it involves all of the following EXCEPT:

In a study examining stereotype threat prevention (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999), researchers administered a difficult math test to both men and women

Some students were told that males and females performed equally well on this test and others were told that there were gender differences in scores on the test. Which of the following best describes the outcome of this study? a. Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their sex. b. Female students performed similar to males in the no gender difference condition and performed more poorly than males in the gender difference condition. c. Males and female performed well regardless of experimental condition. d. The stereotype threat actually decreased in the gender difference condition rather than the no gender difference conditions.

You come from a large family in which you and your siblings get along very well. Your neighbor knows you well and has two sons aged 8 and 10 years. She tells you that she is concerned because her boys "fight and bicker constantly"

What would you tell her? a. Sibling conflict reaches its peak in middle childhood. b. She should probably seek counseling for her boys. They are doomed to have serious conflict their entire lives. c. Sibling conflict is much worse with girls; she should count herself lucky. d. Children rarely fight in middle childhood; she must be imagining it.