________ delivered electrical shock to the brains of mental patients because he believed that the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients

In class, Dr. Heyman discussed the relation between vocabulary and shoe size, and made the point that these factors are:

a. causally related but show no correlation b. negatively correlated and the causal relation tends to be bidirectional c. positively correlated but probably caused by a third factor d. causally related but the direction of the correlation cannot be established

Regularly texting and checking the Internet during class lectures make test performance:

A) worse. B) unchanged, as multitasking is "easy" for kids who have grown up in the digital age. C) better, as it helps to focus the mind. D) unchanged if students have already practiced that ability.