__________ are issues that motivate particular segments of the electorate to vote and on which the opposing candidate or party is less popular

What term is used for designs that are like experimental designs but NOT quite equal to them and from which we can still draw causal inferences?

A) correlational designs B) differential designs C) quasi-experimental designs D) naturalistic-experimental designs

In a nonequivalent control-group design, if the experimental and control groups are NOT equivalent at pretest and both groups change in the same manner (e.g., both groups increase an equal amount on the measure), you might conclude that

A) the manipulation of the independent variable affected both groups. B) the effect was due to selection. C) a maturation process or historical event common to the two groups caused the change in scores. D) Both A and B