Amazon S3 doesn't automatically give a user who creates _____ permission to perform other actions on that bucket or object.

The open systems interconnection (OSI) model is inefficient; each layer must take the work of higher layers, add some result, and pass the work to lower layers. This process ends with the equivalent of a gift inside seven nested boxes, each one wrapped and sealed. Surely this wrapping (and unwrapping) is inefficient. From reading earlier chapters of this book, cite a security advantage of the layered approach.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

__________ is to implement one method in the structure chart at a time from the top to the bottom.

a. Bottom-up approach b. Top-down approach c. Bottom-up and top-down approach d. Stepwise refinement